riset-teknologi-informasi/slide/slide-15-scientific-writing.md

---
marp: true
paginate: true
class: bagian-iv
header: 'RTI — Riset Teknologi Informasi | Universitas Putra Bangsa Kebumen'
footer: 'Helmi Bahar Alim, S.Kom., M.Kom. | 2026'
---





<style>
/* UPB Theme (inline) */

/*
  ============================================================
  UPB MARP THEME — Riset Teknologi Informasi
  Universitas Putra Bangsa (UPB), Kebumen
  Fak. Sains & Teknologi | Prodi Teknik Informatika
  ------------------------------------------------------------
  Penggunaan di frontmatter slide:
    theme: upb
    class: bagian-ii          ← opsional; ganti warna Bagian
  
  Kelas per Bagian:
    (kosong / default) = Bagian I  — Biru   #2563EB
    bagian-ii          = Bagian II — Hijau  #059669
    bagian-iii         = Bagian III — Oranye #d97706
    bagian-iv          = Bagian IV — Ungu   #7c3aed

  Kelas layout khusus (gunakan via <!-- _class: ... -->):
    cover              = Cover / halaman judul
    section-header     = Pembatas antar-topik
    integrative        = Bab 8 (UTS — gradien biru-ungu)
    fullcircle         = Bab 16 penutup (gradien gelap)
  ============================================================
*/

/* ============================================================
   1. CSS CUSTOM PROPERTIES — DEFAULT (Bagian I · Biru)
   ============================================================ */
section {
  --accent:        #2563EB;
  --accent-dark:   #1e3a5f;
  --accent-light:  #eff6ff;
  --accent-border: #bfdbfe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #2563EB 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #bfdbfe;
  --cover-meta:    #93c5fd;

  font-family: 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1.1em;
  color: #1e293b;
  padding: 40px 60px;
}

/* ============================================================
   2. VARIAN WARNA PER BAGIAN
   ============================================================ */

/* Bagian II — Hijau */
section.bagian-ii {
  --accent:        #059669;
  --accent-dark:   #064e3b;
  --accent-light:  #ecfdf5;
  --accent-border: #a7f3d0;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #064e3b 0%, #059669 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #a7f3d0;
  --cover-meta:    #6ee7b7;
}

/* Bagian III — Oranye */
section.bagian-iii {
  --accent:        #d97706;
  --accent-dark:   #78350f;
  --accent-light:  #fffbeb;
  --accent-border: #fde68a;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #78350f 0%, #d97706 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #fde68a;
  --cover-meta:    #fcd34d;
}

/* Bagian IV — Ungu */
section.bagian-iv {
  --accent:        #7c3aed;
  --accent-dark:   #3b0764;
  --accent-light:  #f5f3ff;
  --accent-border: #ddd6fe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #3b0764 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #ddd6fe;
  --cover-meta:    #c4b5fd;
}

/* ============================================================
   3. LAYOUT: COVER
   ============================================================ */
section.cover {
  background: var(--cover-grad);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

/* Logo dimuat dari CSS — tidak perlu tag img di markdown */
section.cover::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.cover h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2em;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.cover h2 {
  color: var(--cover-sub);
  font-size: 1.1em;
  font-weight: normal;
}

section.cover p  { color: var(--cover-meta); font-size: 0.85em; }
section.cover strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   4. LAYOUT: SECTION HEADER (pembatas topik)
   ============================================================ */
section.section-header {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.section-header h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.5em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.section-header h2 { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85); }

/* ============================================================
   5. LAYOUT: INTEGRATIVE (Bab 8 — UTS Checkpoint)
   ============================================================ */
section.integrative {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.integrative::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.integrative h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.integrative h2   { color: #ddd6fe; font-size: 1.1em; }
section.integrative p    { color: #c4b5fd; font-size: 0.85em; }
section.integrative strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   6. LAYOUT: FULLCIRCLE (Bab 16 — Penutup)
   ============================================================ */
section.fullcircle {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e293b 0%, #1e3a5f 50%, #1e293b 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.fullcircle h1 {
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: 3px solid #7c3aed;
}

section.fullcircle blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid #7c3aed;
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-style: italic;
}

/* ============================================================
   7. ELEMEN KONTEN — menggunakan CSS vars dari bagian
   ============================================================ */

h1 {
  color: var(--accent);
  border-bottom: 3px solid var(--accent);
  padding-bottom: 8px;
}

h2 { color: var(--accent-dark); font-size: 1.3em; }
h3 { color: var(--accent);      font-size: 1.05em; }

blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid var(--accent);
  background: var(--accent-light);
  padding: 12px 20px;
  margin: 16px 0;
  color: var(--accent-dark);
  font-style: italic;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
}

table { font-size: 0.82em; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }
th    { background: var(--accent); color: white; padding: 8px 12px; }
td    { padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--accent-border); }
tr:nth-child(even) td { background: var(--accent-light); }

code {
  background: var(--accent-light);
  color: var(--accent-dark);
  padding: 2px 6px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  font-size: 0.9em;
}

pre {
  background: #f1f5f9;
  color: #1e293b;
  padding: 16px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  border-left: 4px solid var(--accent-border);
}

ul li, ol li { margin-bottom: 6px; line-height: 1.6; }

/* ============================================================
   8. HELPER CLASSES
   ============================================================ */

/* Status / penekanan */
.warn  { color: #d97706; font-weight: bold; }
.good  { color: #059669; font-weight: bold; }
.bad   { color: #dc2626; font-weight: bold; }

/* Kotak pernyataan akhir */
.final {
  background: #fef3c7;
  border-left: 5px solid #d97706;
  padding: 14px 20px;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
  font-size: 1.1em;
}

/* Kotak highlight */
.highlight-box {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  padding: 16px 20px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  margin: 12px 0;
}

/* Kotak checkpoint bab 8 */
.checkpoint {
  background: #f5f3ff;
  border: 2px solid #7c3aed;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 16px 24px;
  margin: 16px 0;
}

/* ============================================================
   9. PAGINATION & HEADER/FOOTER
   ============================================================ */
section::after {
  font-size: 0.7em;
  color: #94a3b8;
}

section[data-marpit-advanced-background] > div:last-child { padding: 40px 60px; }
</style>

<style>
/* UPB Theme (inline) */

/*
  ============================================================
  UPB MARP THEME — Riset Teknologi Informasi
  Universitas Putra Bangsa (UPB), Kebumen
  Fak. Sains & Teknologi | Prodi Teknik Informatika
  ------------------------------------------------------------
  Penggunaan di frontmatter slide:
        class: bagian-ii          ← opsional; ganti warna Bagian
  
  Kelas per Bagian:
    (kosong / default) = Bagian I  — Biru   #2563EB
    bagian-ii          = Bagian II — Hijau  #059669
    bagian-iii         = Bagian III — Oranye #d97706
    bagian-iv          = Bagian IV — Ungu   #7c3aed

  Kelas layout khusus (gunakan via <!-- _class: ... -->):
    cover              = Cover / halaman judul
    section-header     = Pembatas antar-topik
    integrative        = Bab 8 (UTS — gradien biru-ungu)
    fullcircle         = Bab 16 penutup (gradien gelap)
  ============================================================
*/

/* ============================================================
   1. CSS CUSTOM PROPERTIES — DEFAULT (Bagian I · Biru)
   ============================================================ */
section {
  --accent:        #2563EB;
  --accent-dark:   #1e3a5f;
  --accent-light:  #eff6ff;
  --accent-border: #bfdbfe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #2563EB 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #bfdbfe;
  --cover-meta:    #93c5fd;

  font-family: 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1.1em;
  color: #1e293b;
  padding: 40px 60px;
}

/* ============================================================
   2. VARIAN WARNA PER BAGIAN
   ============================================================ */

/* Bagian II — Hijau */
section.bagian-ii {
  --accent:        #059669;
  --accent-dark:   #064e3b;
  --accent-light:  #ecfdf5;
  --accent-border: #a7f3d0;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #064e3b 0%, #059669 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #a7f3d0;
  --cover-meta:    #6ee7b7;
}

/* Bagian III — Oranye */
section.bagian-iii {
  --accent:        #d97706;
  --accent-dark:   #78350f;
  --accent-light:  #fffbeb;
  --accent-border: #fde68a;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #78350f 0%, #d97706 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #fde68a;
  --cover-meta:    #fcd34d;
}

/* Bagian IV — Ungu */
section.bagian-iv {
  --accent:        #7c3aed;
  --accent-dark:   #3b0764;
  --accent-light:  #f5f3ff;
  --accent-border: #ddd6fe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #3b0764 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #ddd6fe;
  --cover-meta:    #c4b5fd;
}

/* ============================================================
   3. LAYOUT: COVER
   ============================================================ */
section.cover {
  background: var(--cover-grad);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

/* Logo dimuat dari CSS — tidak perlu tag img di markdown */
section.cover::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.cover h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2em;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.cover h2 {
  color: var(--cover-sub);
  font-size: 1.1em;
  font-weight: normal;
}

section.cover p  { color: var(--cover-meta); font-size: 0.85em; }
section.cover strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   4. LAYOUT: SECTION HEADER (pembatas topik)
   ============================================================ */
section.section-header {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.section-header h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.5em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.section-header h2 { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85); }

/* ============================================================
   5. LAYOUT: INTEGRATIVE (Bab 8 — UTS Checkpoint)
   ============================================================ */
section.integrative {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.integrative::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.integrative h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.integrative h2   { color: #ddd6fe; font-size: 1.1em; }
section.integrative p    { color: #c4b5fd; font-size: 0.85em; }
section.integrative strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   6. LAYOUT: FULLCIRCLE (Bab 16 — Penutup)
   ============================================================ */
section.fullcircle {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e293b 0%, #1e3a5f 50%, #1e293b 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.fullcircle h1 {
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: 3px solid #7c3aed;
}

section.fullcircle blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid #7c3aed;
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-style: italic;
}

/* ============================================================
   7. ELEMEN KONTEN — menggunakan CSS vars dari bagian
   ============================================================ */

h1 {
  color: var(--accent);
  border-bottom: 3px solid var(--accent);
  padding-bottom: 8px;
}

h2 { color: var(--accent-dark); font-size: 1.3em; }
h3 { color: var(--accent);      font-size: 1.05em; }

blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid var(--accent);
  background: var(--accent-light);
  padding: 12px 20px;
  margin: 16px 0;
  color: var(--accent-dark);
  font-style: italic;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
}

table { font-size: 0.82em; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }
th    { background: var(--accent); color: white; padding: 8px 12px; }
td    { padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--accent-border); }
tr:nth-child(even) td { background: var(--accent-light); }

code {
  background: var(--accent-light);
  color: var(--accent-dark);
  padding: 2px 6px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  font-size: 0.9em;
}

pre {
  background: #f1f5f9;
  color: #1e293b;
  padding: 16px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  border-left: 4px solid var(--accent-border);
}

ul li, ol li { margin-bottom: 6px; line-height: 1.6; }

/* ============================================================
   8. HELPER CLASSES
   ============================================================ */

/* Status / penekanan */
.warn  { color: #d97706; font-weight: bold; }
.good  { color: #059669; font-weight: bold; }
.bad   { color: #dc2626; font-weight: bold; }

/* Kotak pernyataan akhir */
.final {
  background: #fef3c7;
  border-left: 5px solid #d97706;
  padding: 14px 20px;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
  font-size: 1.1em;
}

/* Kotak highlight */
.highlight-box {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  padding: 16px 20px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  margin: 12px 0;
}

/* Kotak checkpoint bab 8 */
.checkpoint {
  background: #f5f3ff;
  border: 2px solid #7c3aed;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 16px 24px;
  margin: 16px 0;
}

/* ============================================================
   9. PAGINATION & HEADER/FOOTER
   ============================================================ */
section::after {
  font-size: 0.7em;
  color: #94a3b8;
}

section[data-marpit-advanced-background] > div:last-child { padding: 40px 60px; }
</style>

<style>
/* UPB Theme (inline) */

/*
  ============================================================
  UPB MARP THEME — Riset Teknologi Informasi
  Universitas Putra Bangsa (UPB), Kebumen
  Fak. Sains & Teknologi | Prodi Teknik Informatika
  ------------------------------------------------------------
  Penggunaan di frontmatter slide:
        class: bagian-ii          ← opsional; ganti warna Bagian
  
  Kelas per Bagian:
    (kosong / default) = Bagian I  — Biru   #2563EB
    bagian-ii          = Bagian II — Hijau  #059669
    bagian-iii         = Bagian III — Oranye #d97706
    bagian-iv          = Bagian IV — Ungu   #7c3aed

  Kelas layout khusus (gunakan via <!-- _class: ... -->):
    cover              = Cover / halaman judul
    section-header     = Pembatas antar-topik
    integrative        = Bab 8 (UTS — gradien biru-ungu)
    fullcircle         = Bab 16 penutup (gradien gelap)
  ============================================================
*/

/* ============================================================
   1. CSS CUSTOM PROPERTIES — DEFAULT (Bagian I · Biru)
   ============================================================ */
section {
  --accent:        #2563EB;
  --accent-dark:   #1e3a5f;
  --accent-light:  #eff6ff;
  --accent-border: #bfdbfe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #2563EB 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #bfdbfe;
  --cover-meta:    #93c5fd;

  font-family: 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1.1em;
  color: #1e293b;
  padding: 40px 60px;
}

/* ============================================================
   2. VARIAN WARNA PER BAGIAN
   ============================================================ */

/* Bagian II — Hijau */
section.bagian-ii {
  --accent:        #059669;
  --accent-dark:   #064e3b;
  --accent-light:  #ecfdf5;
  --accent-border: #a7f3d0;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #064e3b 0%, #059669 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #a7f3d0;
  --cover-meta:    #6ee7b7;
}

/* Bagian III — Oranye */
section.bagian-iii {
  --accent:        #d97706;
  --accent-dark:   #78350f;
  --accent-light:  #fffbeb;
  --accent-border: #fde68a;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #78350f 0%, #d97706 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #fde68a;
  --cover-meta:    #fcd34d;
}

/* Bagian IV — Ungu */
section.bagian-iv {
  --accent:        #7c3aed;
  --accent-dark:   #3b0764;
  --accent-light:  #f5f3ff;
  --accent-border: #ddd6fe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #3b0764 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #ddd6fe;
  --cover-meta:    #c4b5fd;
}

/* ============================================================
   3. LAYOUT: COVER
   ============================================================ */
section.cover {
  background: var(--cover-grad);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

/* Logo dimuat dari CSS — tidak perlu tag img di markdown */
section.cover::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.cover h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2em;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.cover h2 {
  color: var(--cover-sub);
  font-size: 1.1em;
  font-weight: normal;
}

section.cover p  { color: var(--cover-meta); font-size: 0.85em; }
section.cover strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   4. LAYOUT: SECTION HEADER (pembatas topik)
   ============================================================ */
section.section-header {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.section-header h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.5em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.section-header h2 { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85); }

/* ============================================================
   5. LAYOUT: INTEGRATIVE (Bab 8 — UTS Checkpoint)
   ============================================================ */
section.integrative {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.integrative::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.integrative h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.integrative h2   { color: #ddd6fe; font-size: 1.1em; }
section.integrative p    { color: #c4b5fd; font-size: 0.85em; }
section.integrative strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   6. LAYOUT: FULLCIRCLE (Bab 16 — Penutup)
   ============================================================ */
section.fullcircle {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e293b 0%, #1e3a5f 50%, #1e293b 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.fullcircle h1 {
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: 3px solid #7c3aed;
}

section.fullcircle blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid #7c3aed;
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-style: italic;
}

/* ============================================================
   7. ELEMEN KONTEN — menggunakan CSS vars dari bagian
   ============================================================ */

h1 {
  color: var(--accent);
  border-bottom: 3px solid var(--accent);
  padding-bottom: 8px;
}

h2 { color: var(--accent-dark); font-size: 1.3em; }
h3 { color: var(--accent);      font-size: 1.05em; }

blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid var(--accent);
  background: var(--accent-light);
  padding: 12px 20px;
  margin: 16px 0;
  color: var(--accent-dark);
  font-style: italic;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
}

table { font-size: 0.82em; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }
th    { background: var(--accent); color: white; padding: 8px 12px; }
td    { padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--accent-border); }
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ul li, ol li { margin-bottom: 6px; line-height: 1.6; }

/* ============================================================
   8. HELPER CLASSES
   ============================================================ */

/* Status / penekanan */
.warn  { color: #d97706; font-weight: bold; }
.good  { color: #059669; font-weight: bold; }
.bad   { color: #dc2626; font-weight: bold; }

/* Kotak pernyataan akhir */
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/* Kotak checkpoint bab 8 */
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  padding: 16px 24px;
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/* ============================================================
   9. PAGINATION & HEADER/FOOTER
   ============================================================ */
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section[data-marpit-advanced-background] > div:last-child { padding: 40px 60px; }
</style>

<style>
/* UPB Theme (inline) */

/*
  ============================================================
  UPB MARP THEME — Riset Teknologi Informasi
  Universitas Putra Bangsa (UPB), Kebumen
  Fak. Sains & Teknologi | Prodi Teknik Informatika
  ------------------------------------------------------------
  Penggunaan di frontmatter slide:
        class: bagian-ii          ← opsional; ganti warna Bagian
  
  Kelas per Bagian:
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  ============================================================
*/

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   ============================================================ */
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/* Logo dimuat dari CSS — tidak perlu tag img di markdown */
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/* ============================================================
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   ============================================================ */
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section.section-header h2 { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85); }

/* ============================================================
   5. LAYOUT: INTEGRATIVE (Bab 8 — UTS Checkpoint)
   ============================================================ */
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   ============================================================ */
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/* ============================================================
   7. ELEMEN KONTEN — menggunakan CSS vars dari bagian
   ============================================================ */

h1 {
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  border-bottom: 3px solid var(--accent);
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h2 { color: var(--accent-dark); font-size: 1.3em; }
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table { font-size: 0.82em; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }
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td    { padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--accent-border); }
tr:nth-child(even) td { background: var(--accent-light); }

code {
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pre {
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  padding: 16px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  border-left: 4px solid var(--accent-border);
}

ul li, ol li { margin-bottom: 6px; line-height: 1.6; }

/* ============================================================
   8. HELPER CLASSES
   ============================================================ */

/* Status / penekanan */
.warn  { color: #d97706; font-weight: bold; }
.good  { color: #059669; font-weight: bold; }
.bad   { color: #dc2626; font-weight: bold; }

/* Kotak pernyataan akhir */
.final {
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  border-left: 5px solid #d97706;
  padding: 14px 20px;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
  font-size: 1.1em;
}

/* Kotak highlight */
.highlight-box {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  padding: 16px 20px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  margin: 12px 0;
}

/* Kotak checkpoint bab 8 */
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  background: #f5f3ff;
  border: 2px solid #7c3aed;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 16px 24px;
  margin: 16px 0;
}

/* ============================================================
   9. PAGINATION & HEADER/FOOTER
   ============================================================ */
section::after {
  font-size: 0.7em;
  color: #94a3b8;
}

section[data-marpit-advanced-background] > div:last-child { padding: 40px 60px; }
</style>

<!-- _class: cover bagian-iv -->


# Bab 15 — Scientific Writing

## Menyusun Argumen Ilmiah yang Koheren

*Pertemuan 15 (M15) &nbsp;|&nbsp; Sub-CPMK 4.4 &nbsp;|&nbsp; CPMK04 &nbsp;|&nbsp; CPL07*

Fase: **Analyzing & Communicating** (M12–M16) &nbsp;·&nbsp; Bagian IV

**Universitas Putra Bangsa** &nbsp;|&nbsp; Fak. Sains & Teknologi &nbsp;·&nbsp; Prodi Teknik Informatika

---

## Agenda Pertemuan 15

1. Penulisan ilmiah = menyusun argumen, bukan dokumentasi
2. Scientific Argument Flow
3. Struktur IMRAD dan ekstensinya
4. Logical flow: Why → What → How → Result → So What
5. Konsistensi antar bagian laporan
6. Writing quality: clarity, precision, conciseness, consistency
7. Cognitive Traps & Studi Kasus
8. Output Praktis: Laporan Ilmiah Lengkap (IMRAD)

---

## Capaian Pembelajaran

Setelah pertemuan ini, mahasiswa mampu:

- Menjelaskan bahwa penulisan ilmiah adalah **konstruksi argumen**, bukan dokumentasi
- Menyusun laporan penelitian menggunakan **struktur IMRAD** yang lengkap
- Memastikan **logical flow** yang konsisten dari masalah ke kesimpulan
- Memeriksa **konsistensi** antar bagian laporan (problem ↔ RQ ↔ method ↔ result ↔ conclusion)
- Menerapkan **4 standar kualitas penulisan** ilmiah (clarity, precision, conciseness, consistency)

> Sub-CPMK 4.4 → Menyusun laporan ilmiah yang koheren (CPL07)

---

## Scientific Argument Flow

*Arsitektur logis sebuah laporan ilmiah*

<div class="highlight-box">

**Problem** &darr; Gap (penelitian sebelumnya belum menjawabnya) &darr; Research Question &darr; Method (dengan kontrol yang tepat) &darr; Result (temuan empiris) &darr; Analysis (statistik + uji hipotesis) &darr; Conclusion (jawaban RQ + implikasi) &darr; **Contribution**

</div>

---

## Penulisan Ilmiah ≠ Dokumentasi

*Perbedaan yang mengubah cara kita menulis*

| Aspek | Dokumentasi | Penulisan Ilmiah |
|-------|------------|-----------------|
| **Tujuan** | Mencatat apa yang sudah dilakukan | Meyakinkan pembaca tentang validitas klaim |
| **Struktur** | Kronologis (saya melakukan X, lalu Y) | Argumentatif (ada masalah, inilah solusi, inilah buktinya) |
| **Pembaca** | Diri sendiri / tim teknis | Komunitas penelitian yang skeptis |
| **Standar** | Selesai jika semua langkah tercatat | Selesai jika argumen terbukti dan dapat diverifikasi |

> Kalau kamu menulis "Saya melakukan preprocessing menggunakan Python" → itu dokumentasi.
> Kalau kamu menulis "Normalisasi Min-Max diterapkan karena distribusi data sangat skewed (skewness=4.3), konsisten dengan rekomendasi Garcia et al. (2015)" → itu penulisan ilmiah.

---

## Struktur IMRAD + Extension

*Standar internasional laporan penelitian*

| Bagian | Pertanyaan | Isi Utama |
|--------|-----------|-----------|
| **Introduction** | *Why?* | Masalah, gap literatur, RQ, hipotesis, kontribusi |
| **Method** | *How?* | Desain eksperimen, setting, metrik, prosedur |
| **Results** | *What did we find?* | Tabel, grafik, statistik deskriptif — tanpa interpretasi |
| **Analysis & Discussion** | *What does it mean?* | Interpretasi, failure analysis, limitation |
| **Conclusion** | *So what?* | Jawaban RQ, kontribusi, saran penelitian lanjutan |
| **References** | | Harvard/IEEE/APA style, konsisten |
| **Appendix** | | Log eksperimen lengkap, kode, data tambahan |

---

## Logical Flow — Dari Why ke So What

*Menu: semua harus terhubung satu sama lain*

```
WHY (Introduction):
   "Klasifikasi teks multi-kelas pada teks informal bahasa Indonesia
    masih memiliki F1 di bawah 85% karena belum ada penelitian yang
    mengintegrasikan attention mechanism untuk konteks ini."

WHAT (Research Question + Hypothesis):
   "Apakah attention mechanism meningkatkan F1 pada klasifikasi teks
    informal bahasa Indonesia? H1: Ya, secara signifikan."

HOW (Method):
   "Eksperimen terkontrol dengan 3 skenario, 10 run masing-masing,
    BiLSTM baseline vs +Attention vs +Ensemble."

RESULT (Results):
   "Attention: 87.0 ± 1.1%, Baseline: 82.1 ± 1.5%, p=0.004."

SO WHAT (Conclusion):
   "Attention mechanism secara signifikan meningkatkan F1 pada domain ini.
    Kontribusi: baseline baru + konfirmasi efektivitas attention pada
    klasifikasi teks bahasa Indonesia informal."
```

---

## Konsistensi Antar Bagian

*Cek silang yang wajib dilakukan sebelum submit*

```
Cek Konsistensi Internal Laporan:

□ Problem di Introduction ←→ sesuai dengan RQ?
□ RQ ←→ sesuai dengan Hipotesis?
□ Hipotesis ←→ metrik utama yang diukur?
□ Metrik yang diukur ←→ dibahas di Results?
□ Results ←→ dikaitkan ke Hipotesis di Discussion?
□ Discussion ←→ menjawab RQ di Conclusion?
□ Contribution di Conclusion ←→ konsisten dengan Gap di Introduction?

Inkonsistensi yang paling sering terjadi:
  - RQ berbunyi "perbandingan" tapi Discussion tidak membandingkan
  - Hipotesis menyebut metrik A, tapi hasil menekankan metrik B
  - Conclusion mengklaim generalisasi yang lebih luas dari yang diuji
```

---

## Writing Quality — Empat Standar

### 1. Clarity — Pembaca mengerti tanpa perlu membaca ulang
```
"Sistem yang diimplementasikan menunjukkan hasil yang cukup baik."
"Sistem mencapai F1-micro 87.0%, melampaui baseline sebesar 4.9 pp."
```

### 2. Precision — Klaim spesifik, bukan ambigu
```
"Metode X lebih cepat dari baseline."
"Metode X mengurangi inference time sebesar 23% (312ms vs 405ms)."
```

### 3. Conciseness — Katakan dengan sedikit kata tanpa kehilangan makna
```
"Pada bagian ini kami akan menjelaskan tentang..."
"Bagian ini menjelaskan..."
```

### 4. Consistency — Sama persis dalam terminologi di seluruh dokumen
```
Bab 1: "klasifikasi sentimen" → Bab 3: "analisis sentimen" → Bab 5: "opinion mining"
Pilih satu istilah, gunakan konsisten dari halaman 1 sampai akhir.
```

---

<!-- _class: section-header bagian-iv -->

# Cognitive Traps
## Bab 15 — Scientific Writing

---

## Cognitive Traps — Bab 15

**"Saya tulis sesuai urutan kronologis pelaksanaan"**
Pembaca tidak peduli dengan urutan kronologis. Mereka peduli dengan argumen ilmiah. IMRAD bukan kronologi — Introduction ditulis terakhir setelah kita tahu apa yang kita temukan.

**"Results dan Discussion bisa digabung karena lebih efisien"**
Penggabungan boleh, tapi harus tetap jelas mana yang *fakta dari data* dan mana yang *interpretasi peneliti*. Mencampurnya tanpa penanda = membuat pembaca bingung apakah klaim tersebut empiris atau spekulatif.

**"Tujuan: agar laporan terlihat panjang dan komprehensif"**
Panjang bukan tujuan. Argumen yang kuat, terstruktur, dan dapat diverifikasi adalah tujuan. Laporan yang panjang tapi tidak koheren lebih lemah dari laporan pendek yang argumentatif.

**"Conclusion adalah ringkasan dari seluruh bab"**
Conclusion bukan ringkasan — ini adalah jawaban eksplisit terhadap RQ yang diajukan di Introduction. Harus ada kalimat yang secara langsung menjawab "Apakah X?" yang ditanyakan di awal.

---

## Studi Kasus 1 — Inkonsistensi RQ–Conclusion (Basic)

**RQ di Introduction:**
> "Apakah attention mechanism meningkatkan F1 pada klasifikasi teks bahasa Indonesia?"

**Conclusion yang ditulis:**
> "Sistem yang dikembangkan berhasil mengklasifikasikan teks dengan akurasi yang baik dan dapat diimplementasikan dalam sistem nyata."

**Masalah:**
1. RQ menanyakan "attention vs non-attention" → Conclusion tidak menjawab ini
2. RQ menanyakan "F1" → Conclusion menyebut "akurasi yang baik" (metrik berbeda!)
3. Conclusion mengklaim "sistem nyata" → ini tidak diuji dalam eksperimen

**Conclusion yang benar:**
> "Attention mechanism secara signifikan meningkatkan F1-micro sebesar 4.9 pp (82.1% → 87.0%, p=0.004, d=1.02) pada klasifikasi teks informal bahasa Indonesia. H1 diterima. Penemuan ini mengkonfirmasi efektivitas attention pada konteks bahasa Indonesia dan menetapkan baseline baru untuk penelitian lanjutan."

---

## Studi Kasus 2 — From Documentation to Argument (Advanced)

**Versi dokumentasi:**
> "Pada preprocessing, kami melakukan normalisasi data menggunakan Min-Max. Kemudian kami membagi dataset menjadi training dan testing. Setelah itu kami melatih model BiLSTM. Hasilnya menunjukkan F1 sebesar 87%."

**Versi argumentatif:**
> "Untuk mengontrol pengaruh perbedaan skala terhadap konvergensi model, normalisasi Min-Max diterapkan pada seluruh fitur numerik (García et al., 2015). Pembagian dataset 80:20 (stratified) memastikan representasi kelas yang proporsional di setiap split. Model BiLSTM dengan attention dilatih menggunakan konfigurasi yang ditetapkan dalam desain eksperimen (Bab 3).
>
> Skenario +Attention mencapai F1-micro 87.0 ± 1.1%, secara signifikan melampaui baseline BiLSTM tanpa attention (82.1 ± 1.5%), t(18)=3.24, p=0.004."

---

## Checklist Akhir Sebelum Submit

```
LAPORAN FINAL — QUALITY GATE

□ IMRAD structure lengkap (termasuk appendix dengan raw data)
□ RQ → Hipotesis → Metrik → Result → Conclusion: rantai konsisten
□ Semua klaim empiris dilengkapi angka dan uji statistik
□ Semua skenario dilaporkan (bukan hanya yang terbaik)
□ Failure analysis ada (jika hipotesis ditolak atau hasil tidak terduga)
□ Limitation section ada dan proporsional
□ Kutipan konsisten: semua yang disebut di teks ada di daftar pustaka
□ Format referensi konsisten (pilih satu: APA/IEEE/Harvard)
□ Terminologi konsisten dari bab 1 sampai akhir
□ Tidak ada klaim generalisasi yang melampaui scope eksperimen
```

---

## Ringkasan Pertemuan 15

| Konsep | Inti |
|--------|------|
| Scientific Argument Flow | Problem → Gap → RQ → Method → Result → Analysis → Conclusion → Contribution |
| Writing vs Documentation | Dokumentasi = kronologi, Ilmiah = argumen |
| IMRAD | Introduction–Method–Results–Analysis/Discussion–Conclusion |
| Logical Flow | Why → What → How → Result → So What |
| Konsistensi | Problem ↔ RQ ↔ Method ↔ Result ↔ Conclusion |
| Writing Quality | Clarity + Precision + Conciseness + Consistency |

---

## Final Statement & Output Praktis

<div class="final">
"Penulisan ilmiah bukan tentang melaporkan apa yang kamu lakukan — ini tentang membangun kasus yang meyakinkan bahwa apa yang kamu temukan dapat dipercaya dan bermakna bagi komunitas penelitian."
</div>

### Output Praktis M15

Kumpulkan:

1. **Laporan ilmiah lengkap** (format IMRAD, minimal 30 halaman)
2. **Cek konsistensi silang** (checklist diisi dan dilampirkan)
3. **Daftar pustaka** (minimal 15 referensi, format konsisten)

---

## Referensi Utama — Bab 15

- Day, R. A., & Gastel, B. (2011). *How to write and publish a scientific paper* (7th ed.). Greenwood.

- Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (2012). *Academic writing for graduate students: Essential tasks and skills* (3rd ed.). University of Michigan Press.

- Hofmann, A. H. (2013). *Scientific writing and communication: Papers, proposals, and presentations*. Oxford University Press.

- Bem, D. J. (2004). Writing the empirical journal article. In J. M. Darley, M. P. Zanna, & H. L. Roediger III (Eds.), *The compleat academic: A practical guide for the beginning social scientist* (pp. 185–219). APA.