riset-teknologi-informasi/slide/slide-07-experiment-design.md

---
marp: true
paginate: true
class: bagian-ii
header: 'RTI — Riset Teknologi Informasi | Universitas Putra Bangsa Kebumen'
footer: 'Helmi Bahar Alim, S.Kom., M.Kom. | 2026'
---





<style>
/* UPB Theme (inline) */

/*
  ============================================================
  UPB MARP THEME — Riset Teknologi Informasi
  Universitas Putra Bangsa (UPB), Kebumen
  Fak. Sains & Teknologi | Prodi Teknik Informatika
  ------------------------------------------------------------
  Penggunaan di frontmatter slide:
    theme: upb
    class: bagian-ii          ← opsional; ganti warna Bagian
  
  Kelas per Bagian:
    (kosong / default) = Bagian I  — Biru   #2563EB
    bagian-ii          = Bagian II — Hijau  #059669
    bagian-iii         = Bagian III — Oranye #d97706
    bagian-iv          = Bagian IV — Ungu   #7c3aed

  Kelas layout khusus (gunakan via <!-- _class: ... -->):
    cover              = Cover / halaman judul
    section-header     = Pembatas antar-topik
    integrative        = Bab 8 (UTS — gradien biru-ungu)
    fullcircle         = Bab 16 penutup (gradien gelap)
  ============================================================
*/

/* ============================================================
   1. CSS CUSTOM PROPERTIES — DEFAULT (Bagian I · Biru)
   ============================================================ */
section {
  --accent:        #2563EB;
  --accent-dark:   #1e3a5f;
  --accent-light:  #eff6ff;
  --accent-border: #bfdbfe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #2563EB 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #bfdbfe;
  --cover-meta:    #93c5fd;

  font-family: 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1.1em;
  color: #1e293b;
  padding: 40px 60px;
}

/* ============================================================
   2. VARIAN WARNA PER BAGIAN
   ============================================================ */

/* Bagian II — Hijau */
section.bagian-ii {
  --accent:        #059669;
  --accent-dark:   #064e3b;
  --accent-light:  #ecfdf5;
  --accent-border: #a7f3d0;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #064e3b 0%, #059669 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #a7f3d0;
  --cover-meta:    #6ee7b7;
}

/* Bagian III — Oranye */
section.bagian-iii {
  --accent:        #d97706;
  --accent-dark:   #78350f;
  --accent-light:  #fffbeb;
  --accent-border: #fde68a;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #78350f 0%, #d97706 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #fde68a;
  --cover-meta:    #fcd34d;
}

/* Bagian IV — Ungu */
section.bagian-iv {
  --accent:        #7c3aed;
  --accent-dark:   #3b0764;
  --accent-light:  #f5f3ff;
  --accent-border: #ddd6fe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #3b0764 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #ddd6fe;
  --cover-meta:    #c4b5fd;
}

/* ============================================================
   3. LAYOUT: COVER
   ============================================================ */
section.cover {
  background: var(--cover-grad);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

/* Logo dimuat dari CSS — tidak perlu tag img di markdown */
section.cover::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.cover h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2em;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.cover h2 {
  color: var(--cover-sub);
  font-size: 1.1em;
  font-weight: normal;
}

section.cover p  { color: var(--cover-meta); font-size: 0.85em; }
section.cover strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   4. LAYOUT: SECTION HEADER (pembatas topik)
   ============================================================ */
section.section-header {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.section-header h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.5em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.section-header h2 { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85); }

/* ============================================================
   5. LAYOUT: INTEGRATIVE (Bab 8 — UTS Checkpoint)
   ============================================================ */
section.integrative {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.integrative::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.integrative h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.integrative h2   { color: #ddd6fe; font-size: 1.1em; }
section.integrative p    { color: #c4b5fd; font-size: 0.85em; }
section.integrative strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   6. LAYOUT: FULLCIRCLE (Bab 16 — Penutup)
   ============================================================ */
section.fullcircle {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e293b 0%, #1e3a5f 50%, #1e293b 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.fullcircle h1 {
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: 3px solid #7c3aed;
}

section.fullcircle blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid #7c3aed;
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-style: italic;
}

/* ============================================================
   7. ELEMEN KONTEN — menggunakan CSS vars dari bagian
   ============================================================ */

h1 {
  color: var(--accent);
  border-bottom: 3px solid var(--accent);
  padding-bottom: 8px;
}

h2 { color: var(--accent-dark); font-size: 1.3em; }
h3 { color: var(--accent);      font-size: 1.05em; }

blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid var(--accent);
  background: var(--accent-light);
  padding: 12px 20px;
  margin: 16px 0;
  color: var(--accent-dark);
  font-style: italic;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
}

table { font-size: 0.82em; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }
th    { background: var(--accent); color: white; padding: 8px 12px; }
td    { padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--accent-border); }
tr:nth-child(even) td { background: var(--accent-light); }

code {
  background: var(--accent-light);
  color: var(--accent-dark);
  padding: 2px 6px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  font-size: 0.9em;
}

pre {
  background: #f1f5f9;
  color: #1e293b;
  padding: 16px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  border-left: 4px solid var(--accent-border);
}

ul li, ol li { margin-bottom: 6px; line-height: 1.6; }

/* ============================================================
   8. HELPER CLASSES
   ============================================================ */

/* Status / penekanan */
.warn  { color: #d97706; font-weight: bold; }
.good  { color: #059669; font-weight: bold; }
.bad   { color: #dc2626; font-weight: bold; }

/* Kotak pernyataan akhir */
.final {
  background: #fef3c7;
  border-left: 5px solid #d97706;
  padding: 14px 20px;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
  font-size: 1.1em;
}

/* Kotak highlight */
.highlight-box {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  padding: 16px 20px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  margin: 12px 0;
}

/* Kotak checkpoint bab 8 */
.checkpoint {
  background: #f5f3ff;
  border: 2px solid #7c3aed;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 16px 24px;
  margin: 16px 0;
}

/* ============================================================
   9. PAGINATION & HEADER/FOOTER
   ============================================================ */
section::after {
  font-size: 0.7em;
  color: #94a3b8;
}

section[data-marpit-advanced-background] > div:last-child { padding: 40px 60px; }
</style>

<style>
/* UPB Theme (inline) */

/*
  ============================================================
  UPB MARP THEME — Riset Teknologi Informasi
  Universitas Putra Bangsa (UPB), Kebumen
  Fak. Sains & Teknologi | Prodi Teknik Informatika
  ------------------------------------------------------------
  Penggunaan di frontmatter slide:
        class: bagian-ii          ← opsional; ganti warna Bagian
  
  Kelas per Bagian:
    (kosong / default) = Bagian I  — Biru   #2563EB
    bagian-ii          = Bagian II — Hijau  #059669
    bagian-iii         = Bagian III — Oranye #d97706
    bagian-iv          = Bagian IV — Ungu   #7c3aed

  Kelas layout khusus (gunakan via <!-- _class: ... -->):
    cover              = Cover / halaman judul
    section-header     = Pembatas antar-topik
    integrative        = Bab 8 (UTS — gradien biru-ungu)
    fullcircle         = Bab 16 penutup (gradien gelap)
  ============================================================
*/

/* ============================================================
   1. CSS CUSTOM PROPERTIES — DEFAULT (Bagian I · Biru)
   ============================================================ */
section {
  --accent:        #2563EB;
  --accent-dark:   #1e3a5f;
  --accent-light:  #eff6ff;
  --accent-border: #bfdbfe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #2563EB 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #bfdbfe;
  --cover-meta:    #93c5fd;

  font-family: 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1.1em;
  color: #1e293b;
  padding: 40px 60px;
}

/* ============================================================
   2. VARIAN WARNA PER BAGIAN
   ============================================================ */

/* Bagian II — Hijau */
section.bagian-ii {
  --accent:        #059669;
  --accent-dark:   #064e3b;
  --accent-light:  #ecfdf5;
  --accent-border: #a7f3d0;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #064e3b 0%, #059669 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #a7f3d0;
  --cover-meta:    #6ee7b7;
}

/* Bagian III — Oranye */
section.bagian-iii {
  --accent:        #d97706;
  --accent-dark:   #78350f;
  --accent-light:  #fffbeb;
  --accent-border: #fde68a;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #78350f 0%, #d97706 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #fde68a;
  --cover-meta:    #fcd34d;
}

/* Bagian IV — Ungu */
section.bagian-iv {
  --accent:        #7c3aed;
  --accent-dark:   #3b0764;
  --accent-light:  #f5f3ff;
  --accent-border: #ddd6fe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #3b0764 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #ddd6fe;
  --cover-meta:    #c4b5fd;
}

/* ============================================================
   3. LAYOUT: COVER
   ============================================================ */
section.cover {
  background: var(--cover-grad);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

/* Logo dimuat dari CSS — tidak perlu tag img di markdown */
section.cover::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.cover h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2em;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.cover h2 {
  color: var(--cover-sub);
  font-size: 1.1em;
  font-weight: normal;
}

section.cover p  { color: var(--cover-meta); font-size: 0.85em; }
section.cover strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   4. LAYOUT: SECTION HEADER (pembatas topik)
   ============================================================ */
section.section-header {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.section-header h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.5em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.section-header h2 { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85); }

/* ============================================================
   5. LAYOUT: INTEGRATIVE (Bab 8 — UTS Checkpoint)
   ============================================================ */
section.integrative {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.integrative::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.integrative h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.integrative h2   { color: #ddd6fe; font-size: 1.1em; }
section.integrative p    { color: #c4b5fd; font-size: 0.85em; }
section.integrative strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   6. LAYOUT: FULLCIRCLE (Bab 16 — Penutup)
   ============================================================ */
section.fullcircle {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e293b 0%, #1e3a5f 50%, #1e293b 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.fullcircle h1 {
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: 3px solid #7c3aed;
}

section.fullcircle blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid #7c3aed;
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-style: italic;
}

/* ============================================================
   7. ELEMEN KONTEN — menggunakan CSS vars dari bagian
   ============================================================ */

h1 {
  color: var(--accent);
  border-bottom: 3px solid var(--accent);
  padding-bottom: 8px;
}

h2 { color: var(--accent-dark); font-size: 1.3em; }
h3 { color: var(--accent);      font-size: 1.05em; }

blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid var(--accent);
  background: var(--accent-light);
  padding: 12px 20px;
  margin: 16px 0;
  color: var(--accent-dark);
  font-style: italic;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
}

table { font-size: 0.82em; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }
th    { background: var(--accent); color: white; padding: 8px 12px; }
td    { padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--accent-border); }
tr:nth-child(even) td { background: var(--accent-light); }

code {
  background: var(--accent-light);
  color: var(--accent-dark);
  padding: 2px 6px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  font-size: 0.9em;
}

pre {
  background: #f1f5f9;
  color: #1e293b;
  padding: 16px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  border-left: 4px solid var(--accent-border);
}

ul li, ol li { margin-bottom: 6px; line-height: 1.6; }

/* ============================================================
   8. HELPER CLASSES
   ============================================================ */

/* Status / penekanan */
.warn  { color: #d97706; font-weight: bold; }
.good  { color: #059669; font-weight: bold; }
.bad   { color: #dc2626; font-weight: bold; }

/* Kotak pernyataan akhir */
.final {
  background: #fef3c7;
  border-left: 5px solid #d97706;
  padding: 14px 20px;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
  font-size: 1.1em;
}

/* Kotak highlight */
.highlight-box {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  padding: 16px 20px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  margin: 12px 0;
}

/* Kotak checkpoint bab 8 */
.checkpoint {
  background: #f5f3ff;
  border: 2px solid #7c3aed;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 16px 24px;
  margin: 16px 0;
}

/* ============================================================
   9. PAGINATION & HEADER/FOOTER
   ============================================================ */
section::after {
  font-size: 0.7em;
  color: #94a3b8;
}

section[data-marpit-advanced-background] > div:last-child { padding: 40px 60px; }
</style>

<style>
/* UPB Theme (inline) */

/*
  ============================================================
  UPB MARP THEME — Riset Teknologi Informasi
  Universitas Putra Bangsa (UPB), Kebumen
  Fak. Sains & Teknologi | Prodi Teknik Informatika
  ------------------------------------------------------------
  Penggunaan di frontmatter slide:
        class: bagian-ii          ← opsional; ganti warna Bagian
  
  Kelas per Bagian:
    (kosong / default) = Bagian I  — Biru   #2563EB
    bagian-ii          = Bagian II — Hijau  #059669
    bagian-iii         = Bagian III — Oranye #d97706
    bagian-iv          = Bagian IV — Ungu   #7c3aed

  Kelas layout khusus (gunakan via <!-- _class: ... -->):
    cover              = Cover / halaman judul
    section-header     = Pembatas antar-topik
    integrative        = Bab 8 (UTS — gradien biru-ungu)
    fullcircle         = Bab 16 penutup (gradien gelap)
  ============================================================
*/

/* ============================================================
   1. CSS CUSTOM PROPERTIES — DEFAULT (Bagian I · Biru)
   ============================================================ */
section {
  --accent:        #2563EB;
  --accent-dark:   #1e3a5f;
  --accent-light:  #eff6ff;
  --accent-border: #bfdbfe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #2563EB 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #bfdbfe;
  --cover-meta:    #93c5fd;

  font-family: 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1.1em;
  color: #1e293b;
  padding: 40px 60px;
}

/* ============================================================
   2. VARIAN WARNA PER BAGIAN
   ============================================================ */

/* Bagian II — Hijau */
section.bagian-ii {
  --accent:        #059669;
  --accent-dark:   #064e3b;
  --accent-light:  #ecfdf5;
  --accent-border: #a7f3d0;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #064e3b 0%, #059669 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #a7f3d0;
  --cover-meta:    #6ee7b7;
}

/* Bagian III — Oranye */
section.bagian-iii {
  --accent:        #d97706;
  --accent-dark:   #78350f;
  --accent-light:  #fffbeb;
  --accent-border: #fde68a;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #78350f 0%, #d97706 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #fde68a;
  --cover-meta:    #fcd34d;
}

/* Bagian IV — Ungu */
section.bagian-iv {
  --accent:        #7c3aed;
  --accent-dark:   #3b0764;
  --accent-light:  #f5f3ff;
  --accent-border: #ddd6fe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #3b0764 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #ddd6fe;
  --cover-meta:    #c4b5fd;
}

/* ============================================================
   3. LAYOUT: COVER
   ============================================================ */
section.cover {
  background: var(--cover-grad);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

/* Logo dimuat dari CSS — tidak perlu tag img di markdown */
section.cover::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.cover h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2em;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.cover h2 {
  color: var(--cover-sub);
  font-size: 1.1em;
  font-weight: normal;
}

section.cover p  { color: var(--cover-meta); font-size: 0.85em; }
section.cover strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   4. LAYOUT: SECTION HEADER (pembatas topik)
   ============================================================ */
section.section-header {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.section-header h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.5em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.section-header h2 { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85); }

/* ============================================================
   5. LAYOUT: INTEGRATIVE (Bab 8 — UTS Checkpoint)
   ============================================================ */
section.integrative {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.integrative::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.integrative h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.integrative h2   { color: #ddd6fe; font-size: 1.1em; }
section.integrative p    { color: #c4b5fd; font-size: 0.85em; }
section.integrative strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   6. LAYOUT: FULLCIRCLE (Bab 16 — Penutup)
   ============================================================ */
section.fullcircle {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e293b 0%, #1e3a5f 50%, #1e293b 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.fullcircle h1 {
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: 3px solid #7c3aed;
}

section.fullcircle blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid #7c3aed;
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-style: italic;
}

/* ============================================================
   7. ELEMEN KONTEN — menggunakan CSS vars dari bagian
   ============================================================ */

h1 {
  color: var(--accent);
  border-bottom: 3px solid var(--accent);
  padding-bottom: 8px;
}

h2 { color: var(--accent-dark); font-size: 1.3em; }
h3 { color: var(--accent);      font-size: 1.05em; }

blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid var(--accent);
  background: var(--accent-light);
  padding: 12px 20px;
  margin: 16px 0;
  color: var(--accent-dark);
  font-style: italic;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
}

table { font-size: 0.82em; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }
th    { background: var(--accent); color: white; padding: 8px 12px; }
td    { padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--accent-border); }
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ul li, ol li { margin-bottom: 6px; line-height: 1.6; }

/* ============================================================
   8. HELPER CLASSES
   ============================================================ */

/* Status / penekanan */
.warn  { color: #d97706; font-weight: bold; }
.good  { color: #059669; font-weight: bold; }
.bad   { color: #dc2626; font-weight: bold; }

/* Kotak pernyataan akhir */
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/* Kotak checkpoint bab 8 */
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/* ============================================================
   9. PAGINATION & HEADER/FOOTER
   ============================================================ */
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/*
  ============================================================
  UPB MARP THEME — Riset Teknologi Informasi
  Universitas Putra Bangsa (UPB), Kebumen
  Fak. Sains & Teknologi | Prodi Teknik Informatika
  ------------------------------------------------------------
  Penggunaan di frontmatter slide:
        class: bagian-ii          ← opsional; ganti warna Bagian
  
  Kelas per Bagian:
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   3. LAYOUT: COVER
   ============================================================ */
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/* ============================================================
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   ============================================================ */
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/* ============================================================
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/* ============================================================
   7. ELEMEN KONTEN — menggunakan CSS vars dari bagian
   ============================================================ */

h1 {
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table { font-size: 0.82em; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }
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td    { padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--accent-border); }
tr:nth-child(even) td { background: var(--accent-light); }

code {
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  border-radius: 8px;
  border-left: 4px solid var(--accent-border);
}

ul li, ol li { margin-bottom: 6px; line-height: 1.6; }

/* ============================================================
   8. HELPER CLASSES
   ============================================================ */

/* Status / penekanan */
.warn  { color: #d97706; font-weight: bold; }
.good  { color: #059669; font-weight: bold; }
.bad   { color: #dc2626; font-weight: bold; }

/* Kotak pernyataan akhir */
.final {
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  border-left: 5px solid #d97706;
  padding: 14px 20px;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
  font-size: 1.1em;
}

/* Kotak highlight */
.highlight-box {
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  color: white;
  padding: 16px 20px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  margin: 12px 0;
}

/* Kotak checkpoint bab 8 */
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  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 16px 24px;
  margin: 16px 0;
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/* ============================================================
   9. PAGINATION & HEADER/FOOTER
   ============================================================ */
section::after {
  font-size: 0.7em;
  color: #94a3b8;
}

section[data-marpit-advanced-background] > div:last-child { padding: 40px 60px; }
</style>

<!-- _class: cover bagian-ii -->


# Bab 7 — Experimental Design & Validity

## Membangun Bukti yang Dapat Dipercaya

*Pertemuan 7 (M7) &nbsp;|&nbsp; Sub-CPMK 2.3 &nbsp;|&nbsp; CPMK02 &nbsp;|&nbsp; CPL06*

Fase: **Designing** (M5–M7) &nbsp;·&nbsp; Bagian II: Measurement & Design

**Universitas Putra Bangsa** &nbsp;|&nbsp; Fak. Sains & Teknologi &nbsp;·&nbsp; Prodi Teknik Informatika

---

## Agenda Pertemuan 7

1. Tujuan eksperimen: bukan "menjalankan program"
2. Experimental Validity Model
3. Kausalitas vs Korelasi — perbedaan mendasar
4. Empat jenis validitas eksperimen
5. Tiga jenis eksperimen: Comparison, Ablation, Parameter Study
6. Prinsip Controlled Experiment
7. Dokumen Desain Eksperimen — struktur lengkap
8. Cognitive Traps & Studi Kasus
9. Output Praktis: Desain Eksperimen Lengkap

---

## Capaian Pembelajaran

Setelah pertemuan ini, mahasiswa mampu:

- Menjelaskan perbedaan **kausalitas vs korelasi** dan implikasinya pada klaim riset
- Mendefinisikan 4 jenis **validitas eksperimen**: internal, external, construct, conclusion
- Merancang **controlled experiment** dengan memisahkan variabel independen dan kontrol
- Memilih jenis eksperimen yang tepat: **Comparison, Ablation Study, Parameter Study**
- Menyusun **dokumen desain eksperimen** yang lengkap dan reproducible

> Sub-CPMK 2.3 → Merancang eksperimen yang valid dan terkontrol (CPL06)

---

## Apa Tujuan Eksperimen?

**Bukan:** "Menjalankan program dan melihat hasilnya"
**Bukan:** "Mendapatkan angka untuk dimasukkan ke laporan"

**Ya:** Membangun **bukti empiris** yang menjawab hipotesis secara terkontrol, sehingga klaim dapat diverifikasi oleh peneliti lain.

<div class="highlight-box">

**Hipotesis (H0/H1)** &darr; Rancang kondisi yang mengisolasi variabel &darr; Kumpulkan data di bawah kondisi terkontrol &darr; Analisis statistik &darr; **Kesimpulan dengan tingkat kepercayaan terukur**

</div>

> Eksperimen yang tidak dirancang dengan baik tidak bisa di-*peer review* — karena tidak ada yang bisa direplikasi.

---

## Experimental Validity Model

*Pipeline dari RQ ke Kesimpulan yang Valid*

```
RQ → Hypothesis → Variable Design → Controlled Experiment
   → Data → Analysis → Conclusion (with Validity Level)
```

| Tahap | Kegagalan Tipikal |
|-------|------------------|
| Variable Design | Variabel tidak operasional (tidak terukur) |
| Controlled Experiment | Terlalu banyak variabel berubah sekaligus |
| Data | Tidak representatif, bias sampling |
| Analysis | Asumsi statistik dilanggar |
| Conclusion | Overgeneralisasi dari satu dataset |

> Setiap kegagalan di satu tahap merusak validitas seluruh rantai.

---

## Kausalitas vs Korelasi

**Korelasi:** Dua variabel berubah bersamaan — tidak ada klaim tentang sebab-akibat.

**Kausalitas:** Variabel A menyebabkan perubahan pada variabel B — membutuhkan kontrol eksperimental.

| | Korelasi | Kausalitas |
|--|----------|-----------|
| **Claim** | "A dan B berhubungan" | "A menyebabkan B" |
| **Bukti** | Observasi | Controlled Experiment |
| **Ancaman** | Spurious correlation, confounders | Lebih sulit dipastikan, tapi lebih kuat |
| **Contoh riset TI** | "Model dengan lebih banyak parameter punya akurasi lebih tinggi" | "Menambahkan attention mechanism (dengan kondisi lain dikontrol) meningkatkan F1-score" |

> Banyak paper TI mengklaim kausalitas berdasarkan korelasi. Validitas klaim bergantung pada kualitas desain eksperimen.

---

## Empat Jenis Validitas Eksperimen

*(Shadish, Cook & Campbell, 2002)*

| Validitas | Pertanyaan | Ancaman Utama | Cara Memperkuat |
|-----------|-----------|--------------|----------------|
| **Internal** | Apakah hubungan kausal benar? | Confounders, history effect | Randomisasi, kontrolling variabel |
| **External** | Bisa digeneralisasi ke populasi lain? | Single dataset, narrow scope | Multiple dataset, diverse contexts |
| **Construct** | Kita mengukur konsep yang tepat? | Metrik tidak representatif | Justifikasi operasionalisasi |
| **Conclusion** | Bukti statistik cukup? | Underpowered test, alpha ≠ 0.05 | Power analysis, laporan effect size |

> Setiap eksperimen menghadapi trade-off antar jenis validitas. Dokumentasikan dan akui keterbatasannya secara eksplisit.

---

## Tiga Jenis Eksperimen

### 1. Comparison Experiment
**Tujuan:** Membandingkan dua atau lebih metode/kondisi
**Contoh:** "BERT vs IndoBERT vs mBERT untuk sentimen Bahasa Indonesia"
**Persyaratan:** Semua metode diuji pada **kondisi yang identik**

### 2. Ablation Study
**Tujuan:** Mengidentifikasi kontribusi setiap komponen terhadap performa keseluruhan
**Contoh:** "Full model vs tanpa attention vs tanpa dropout vs tanpa pretrained"
**Persyaratan:** Satu komponen dihilangkan per eksperimen

### 3. Parameter Study
**Tujuan:** Menentukan nilai optimal untuk hyperparameter tertentu
**Contoh:** "Learning rate: 1e-3, 1e-4, 1e-5 → mana yang optimal?"
**Persyaratan:** Satu parameter bervariasi, semua yang lain dikontrol

---

## Prinsip Controlled Experiment

**Aturan Emas: Ubah SATU variabel, kontrol SEMUA yang lain**

**Checklist desain controlled experiment:**

| Item | Pertanyaan | Jawaban Anda |
|------|-----------|-------------|
| Random seed | Apakah seed ditetapkan untuk semua library? | `seed=42` di numpy, torch, sklearn |
| Dataset split | Apakah split identik untuk semua kondisi? | Stratified split, fixed index |
| Preprocessing | Apakah pipeline preprocessing sama? | Shared preprocessing module |
| Hardware | Apakah hardware sama untuk semua kondisi? | Catat GPU, RAM, OS |
| Evaluation | Apakah metrik dihitung dengan cara yang sama? | Shared evaluation module |
| Number of runs | Apakah diulang untuk statistical stability? | Minimal 5 runs, laporkan mean ± std |

---

## Dokumen Desain Eksperimen — Struktur

*Template yang wajib ada sebelum eksperimen dimulai:*

```
1. TUJUAN EKSPERIMEN
   - RQ yang akan dijawab
   - Hipotesis yang diuji (H0/H1)

2. VARIABEL
   - Independent: [nama, nilai yang diuji]
   - Dependent: [nama, metrik, cara ukur]
   - Control: [nama, nilai yang dikontrol]

3. SKENARIO EKSPERIMEN
   - Skenario 1: [kondisi] → [apa yang berubah]
   - Skenario 2: ...

4. DATA
   - Dataset: [nama, sumber, split ratio, jumlah]
   - Preprocessing: [langkah-langkah]

5. VALIDITY THREATS & MITIGATION
   - Internal: [ancaman] → [mitigasi]
   - External: [ancaman] → [mitigasi]
```

---

<!-- _class: section-header bagian-ii -->

# Cognitive Traps
## Bab 7 — Experimental Design

---

## Cognitive Traps — Bab 7

**"Eksperimen = menjalankan program dan mencatat hasilnya"**
Eksperimen ilmiah membutuhkan: hipotesis yang ditetapkan sebelumnya, variabel yang terisolasi, kondisi yang dikontrol, dan jumlah run yang cukup untuk analisis statistik.

**"Korelasi itu sudah cukup untuk klaim kausalitas"**
Korelasi hanya menunjukkan hubungan. Kausalitas membutuhkan isolasi variabel melalui controlled experiment. Tanpa kontrol, tidak ada yang bisa menjamin yang mana penyebabnya.

**"Baseline tidak perlu fair — yang penting ada pembanding"**
Baseline yang tidak fair (versi lama, kondisi berbeda, hiperparameter tidak optimal) itu merugikan pembaca. Reviewer akan menolak paper dengan baseline yang unfair.

---

## Studi Kasus 1 — Eksperimen Tanpa Kontrol (Basic)

**Konteks:** Peneliti membandingkan model A (baru) vs model B (baseline).

**Masalah — tidak terkontrol:**
- Model A dilatih lebih lama (100 epoch vs 50 epoch)
- Model A menggunakan data preprocessing yang lebih agresif
- Dataset split berbeda
- Hardware berbeda (GPU vs CPU)

**Hasil:** Model A lebih baik 12%. Tapi **mengapa?** Tidak bisa diketahui.

**Solusi — controlled comparison:**
| Item | Model A | Model B |
|------|---------|---------|
| Epoch | 50 | 50 |
| Preprocessing | Identik | Identik |
| Dataset split | Fixed seed 42 | Fixed seed 42 |
| Hardware | GPU RTX 3090 | GPU RTX 3090 |

*Sekarang perbedaan performa bisa dikaitkan ke variabel yang benar-benar berbeda.*

---

## Studi Kasus 2 — Baseline Tidak Fair (Advanced)

**Konteks:** Paper mengklaim metode baru 23% lebih baik. Baseline: BERT 2019.

**Masalah:**
- BERT 2019 tanpa fine-tuning vs metode baru dengan fine-tuning → tidak fair
- Baseline diuji pada dataset yang berbeda dari yang digunakan untuk training
- Hyperparameter baseline menggunakan default tanpa tuning

**Pertanyaan reviewer:** "Apakah 23% benar-benar karena metode baru, atau karena baseline-nya dipersiapkan dengan buruk?"

**Standar fair comparison:**
1. Semua metode di-fine-tune dengan kondisi identik
2. Hyperparameter baseline di-tune setidaknya dengan grid search
3. Dataset split identik
4. Evaluasi dengan metrik yang sama
5. Multiple runs (5+) → laporkan mean ± std

---

## Research vs Engineering — Experimental Design

| Aspek | Engineering | Research |
|-------|------------|---------|
| Pengujian | Functional testing, UAT | Controlled experiment dengan statistik |
| Jumlah run | 1 run (jika berhasil, selesai) | Multiple runs (minimal 5 untuk stat) |
| Baseline | Tidak ada (sistem baru) | Wajib, fair, state-of-the-art |
| Variabel | Semua bisa berganti | Satu berganti, semua lain dikontrol |
| Kegagalan | Diperbaiki | Dilaporkan dan dianalisis |
| Dokumentasi | "Sistem sudah jalan" | Reproducible setup untuk replikasi |

---

## Ringkasan Pertemuan 7

| Konsep | Inti |
|--------|------|
| Tujuan Eksperimen | Membangun bukti empiris yang reproducible — bukan sekadar menjalankan program |
| Kausalitas vs Korelasi | Kausalitas butuh kontrol experimental; korelasi hanya observasi |
| 4 Validitas | Internal · External · Construct · Conclusion |
| 3 Jenis Eksperimen | Comparison · Ablation Study · Parameter Study |
| Controlled Experiment | Ubah 1 variabel, kontrol semua yang lain |
| Dokumen Desain | RQ → Variabel → Skenario → Data → Validity Threats |

---

## Final Statement & Output Praktis

<div class="final">
"Eksperimen bukan sekadar menjalankan sistem, tetapi membangun bukti yang dapat dipercaya."
</div>

### Output Praktis M7

Buat **Dokumen Desain Eksperimen** yang mencakup:

1. Tujuan eksperimen & hipotesis yang diuji
2. Tabel variabel (independent, dependent, control)
3. Skenario eksperimen (minimal 2 skenario)
4. Spesifikasi dataset (split, ukuran, sumber)
5. Validity threats & strategi mitigasi
6. Statistical test yang direncanakan (+ alpha level)

*Dokumen ini = bab Metodologi bagian "Experiment Design" dalam laporan riset.*

---

## Referensi Utama — Bab 7

- Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2002). *Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference*. Houghton Mifflin.

- Wohlin, C., Runeson, P., Höst, M., Ohlsson, M. C., Regnell, B., & Wesslén, A. (2012). *Experimentation in software engineering*. Springer.

- Ko, A. J., LaToza, T. D., & Burnett, M. M. (2015). A practical guide to controlled experiments of software engineering tools with human participants. *Empirical Software Engineering, 20*(1), 110–141.

- Juristo, N., & Moreno, A. M. (2001). *Basics of software engineering experimentation*. Springer.