riset-teknologi-informasi/slide/slide-03-literature-gap.md

---
marp: true
paginate: true
header: 'RTI — Riset Teknologi Informasi | Universitas Putra Bangsa Kebumen'
footer: 'Helmi Bahar Alim, S.Kom., M.Kom. | 2026'
---





<style>
/* UPB Theme (inline) */

/*
  ============================================================
  UPB MARP THEME — Riset Teknologi Informasi
  Universitas Putra Bangsa (UPB), Kebumen
  Fak. Sains & Teknologi | Prodi Teknik Informatika
  ------------------------------------------------------------
  Penggunaan di frontmatter slide:
    theme: upb
    class: bagian-ii          ← opsional; ganti warna Bagian
  
  Kelas per Bagian:
    (kosong / default) = Bagian I  — Biru   #2563EB
    bagian-ii          = Bagian II — Hijau  #059669
    bagian-iii         = Bagian III — Oranye #d97706
    bagian-iv          = Bagian IV — Ungu   #7c3aed

  Kelas layout khusus (gunakan via <!-- _class: ... -->):
    cover              = Cover / halaman judul
    section-header     = Pembatas antar-topik
    integrative        = Bab 8 (UTS — gradien biru-ungu)
    fullcircle         = Bab 16 penutup (gradien gelap)
  ============================================================
*/

/* ============================================================
   1. CSS CUSTOM PROPERTIES — DEFAULT (Bagian I · Biru)
   ============================================================ */
section {
  --accent:        #2563EB;
  --accent-dark:   #1e3a5f;
  --accent-light:  #eff6ff;
  --accent-border: #bfdbfe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #2563EB 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #bfdbfe;
  --cover-meta:    #93c5fd;

  font-family: 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1.1em;
  color: #1e293b;
  padding: 40px 60px;
}

/* ============================================================
   2. VARIAN WARNA PER BAGIAN
   ============================================================ */

/* Bagian II — Hijau */
section.bagian-ii {
  --accent:        #059669;
  --accent-dark:   #064e3b;
  --accent-light:  #ecfdf5;
  --accent-border: #a7f3d0;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #064e3b 0%, #059669 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #a7f3d0;
  --cover-meta:    #6ee7b7;
}

/* Bagian III — Oranye */
section.bagian-iii {
  --accent:        #d97706;
  --accent-dark:   #78350f;
  --accent-light:  #fffbeb;
  --accent-border: #fde68a;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #78350f 0%, #d97706 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #fde68a;
  --cover-meta:    #fcd34d;
}

/* Bagian IV — Ungu */
section.bagian-iv {
  --accent:        #7c3aed;
  --accent-dark:   #3b0764;
  --accent-light:  #f5f3ff;
  --accent-border: #ddd6fe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #3b0764 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #ddd6fe;
  --cover-meta:    #c4b5fd;
}

/* ============================================================
   3. LAYOUT: COVER
   ============================================================ */
section.cover {
  background: var(--cover-grad);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

/* Logo dimuat dari CSS — tidak perlu tag img di markdown */
section.cover::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.cover h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2em;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.cover h2 {
  color: var(--cover-sub);
  font-size: 1.1em;
  font-weight: normal;
}

section.cover p  { color: var(--cover-meta); font-size: 0.85em; }
section.cover strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   4. LAYOUT: SECTION HEADER (pembatas topik)
   ============================================================ */
section.section-header {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.section-header h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.5em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.section-header h2 { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85); }

/* ============================================================
   5. LAYOUT: INTEGRATIVE (Bab 8 — UTS Checkpoint)
   ============================================================ */
section.integrative {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.integrative::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.integrative h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.integrative h2   { color: #ddd6fe; font-size: 1.1em; }
section.integrative p    { color: #c4b5fd; font-size: 0.85em; }
section.integrative strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   6. LAYOUT: FULLCIRCLE (Bab 16 — Penutup)
   ============================================================ */
section.fullcircle {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e293b 0%, #1e3a5f 50%, #1e293b 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.fullcircle h1 {
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: 3px solid #7c3aed;
}

section.fullcircle blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid #7c3aed;
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-style: italic;
}

/* ============================================================
   7. ELEMEN KONTEN — menggunakan CSS vars dari bagian
   ============================================================ */

h1 {
  color: var(--accent);
  border-bottom: 3px solid var(--accent);
  padding-bottom: 8px;
}

h2 { color: var(--accent-dark); font-size: 1.3em; }
h3 { color: var(--accent);      font-size: 1.05em; }

blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid var(--accent);
  background: var(--accent-light);
  padding: 12px 20px;
  margin: 16px 0;
  color: var(--accent-dark);
  font-style: italic;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
}

table { font-size: 0.82em; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }
th    { background: var(--accent); color: white; padding: 8px 12px; }
td    { padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--accent-border); }
tr:nth-child(even) td { background: var(--accent-light); }

code {
  background: var(--accent-light);
  color: var(--accent-dark);
  padding: 2px 6px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  font-size: 0.9em;
}

pre {
  background: #f1f5f9;
  color: #1e293b;
  padding: 16px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  border-left: 4px solid var(--accent-border);
}

ul li, ol li { margin-bottom: 6px; line-height: 1.6; }

/* ============================================================
   8. HELPER CLASSES
   ============================================================ */

/* Status / penekanan */
.warn  { color: #d97706; font-weight: bold; }
.good  { color: #059669; font-weight: bold; }
.bad   { color: #dc2626; font-weight: bold; }

/* Kotak pernyataan akhir */
.final {
  background: #fef3c7;
  border-left: 5px solid #d97706;
  padding: 14px 20px;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
  font-size: 1.1em;
}

/* Kotak highlight */
.highlight-box {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  padding: 16px 20px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  margin: 12px 0;
}

/* Kotak checkpoint bab 8 */
.checkpoint {
  background: #f5f3ff;
  border: 2px solid #7c3aed;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 16px 24px;
  margin: 16px 0;
}

/* ============================================================
   9. PAGINATION & HEADER/FOOTER
   ============================================================ */
section::after {
  font-size: 0.7em;
  color: #94a3b8;
}

section[data-marpit-advanced-background] > div:last-child { padding: 40px 60px; }
</style>

<style>
/* UPB Theme (inline) */

/*
  ============================================================
  UPB MARP THEME — Riset Teknologi Informasi
  Universitas Putra Bangsa (UPB), Kebumen
  Fak. Sains & Teknologi | Prodi Teknik Informatika
  ------------------------------------------------------------
  Penggunaan di frontmatter slide:
        class: bagian-ii          ← opsional; ganti warna Bagian
  
  Kelas per Bagian:
    (kosong / default) = Bagian I  — Biru   #2563EB
    bagian-ii          = Bagian II — Hijau  #059669
    bagian-iii         = Bagian III — Oranye #d97706
    bagian-iv          = Bagian IV — Ungu   #7c3aed

  Kelas layout khusus (gunakan via <!-- _class: ... -->):
    cover              = Cover / halaman judul
    section-header     = Pembatas antar-topik
    integrative        = Bab 8 (UTS — gradien biru-ungu)
    fullcircle         = Bab 16 penutup (gradien gelap)
  ============================================================
*/

/* ============================================================
   1. CSS CUSTOM PROPERTIES — DEFAULT (Bagian I · Biru)
   ============================================================ */
section {
  --accent:        #2563EB;
  --accent-dark:   #1e3a5f;
  --accent-light:  #eff6ff;
  --accent-border: #bfdbfe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #2563EB 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #bfdbfe;
  --cover-meta:    #93c5fd;

  font-family: 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1.1em;
  color: #1e293b;
  padding: 40px 60px;
}

/* ============================================================
   2. VARIAN WARNA PER BAGIAN
   ============================================================ */

/* Bagian II — Hijau */
section.bagian-ii {
  --accent:        #059669;
  --accent-dark:   #064e3b;
  --accent-light:  #ecfdf5;
  --accent-border: #a7f3d0;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #064e3b 0%, #059669 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #a7f3d0;
  --cover-meta:    #6ee7b7;
}

/* Bagian III — Oranye */
section.bagian-iii {
  --accent:        #d97706;
  --accent-dark:   #78350f;
  --accent-light:  #fffbeb;
  --accent-border: #fde68a;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #78350f 0%, #d97706 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #fde68a;
  --cover-meta:    #fcd34d;
}

/* Bagian IV — Ungu */
section.bagian-iv {
  --accent:        #7c3aed;
  --accent-dark:   #3b0764;
  --accent-light:  #f5f3ff;
  --accent-border: #ddd6fe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #3b0764 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #ddd6fe;
  --cover-meta:    #c4b5fd;
}

/* ============================================================
   3. LAYOUT: COVER
   ============================================================ */
section.cover {
  background: var(--cover-grad);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

/* Logo dimuat dari CSS — tidak perlu tag img di markdown */
section.cover::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.cover h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2em;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.cover h2 {
  color: var(--cover-sub);
  font-size: 1.1em;
  font-weight: normal;
}

section.cover p  { color: var(--cover-meta); font-size: 0.85em; }
section.cover strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   4. LAYOUT: SECTION HEADER (pembatas topik)
   ============================================================ */
section.section-header {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.section-header h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.5em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.section-header h2 { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85); }

/* ============================================================
   5. LAYOUT: INTEGRATIVE (Bab 8 — UTS Checkpoint)
   ============================================================ */
section.integrative {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.integrative::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.integrative h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.integrative h2   { color: #ddd6fe; font-size: 1.1em; }
section.integrative p    { color: #c4b5fd; font-size: 0.85em; }
section.integrative strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   6. LAYOUT: FULLCIRCLE (Bab 16 — Penutup)
   ============================================================ */
section.fullcircle {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e293b 0%, #1e3a5f 50%, #1e293b 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.fullcircle h1 {
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: 3px solid #7c3aed;
}

section.fullcircle blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid #7c3aed;
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-style: italic;
}

/* ============================================================
   7. ELEMEN KONTEN — menggunakan CSS vars dari bagian
   ============================================================ */

h1 {
  color: var(--accent);
  border-bottom: 3px solid var(--accent);
  padding-bottom: 8px;
}

h2 { color: var(--accent-dark); font-size: 1.3em; }
h3 { color: var(--accent);      font-size: 1.05em; }

blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid var(--accent);
  background: var(--accent-light);
  padding: 12px 20px;
  margin: 16px 0;
  color: var(--accent-dark);
  font-style: italic;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
}

table { font-size: 0.82em; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }
th    { background: var(--accent); color: white; padding: 8px 12px; }
td    { padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--accent-border); }
tr:nth-child(even) td { background: var(--accent-light); }

code {
  background: var(--accent-light);
  color: var(--accent-dark);
  padding: 2px 6px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  font-size: 0.9em;
}

pre {
  background: #f1f5f9;
  color: #1e293b;
  padding: 16px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  border-left: 4px solid var(--accent-border);
}

ul li, ol li { margin-bottom: 6px; line-height: 1.6; }

/* ============================================================
   8. HELPER CLASSES
   ============================================================ */

/* Status / penekanan */
.warn  { color: #d97706; font-weight: bold; }
.good  { color: #059669; font-weight: bold; }
.bad   { color: #dc2626; font-weight: bold; }

/* Kotak pernyataan akhir */
.final {
  background: #fef3c7;
  border-left: 5px solid #d97706;
  padding: 14px 20px;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
  font-size: 1.1em;
}

/* Kotak highlight */
.highlight-box {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  padding: 16px 20px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  margin: 12px 0;
}

/* Kotak checkpoint bab 8 */
.checkpoint {
  background: #f5f3ff;
  border: 2px solid #7c3aed;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 16px 24px;
  margin: 16px 0;
}

/* ============================================================
   9. PAGINATION & HEADER/FOOTER
   ============================================================ */
section::after {
  font-size: 0.7em;
  color: #94a3b8;
}

section[data-marpit-advanced-background] > div:last-child { padding: 40px 60px; }
</style>

<style>
/* UPB Theme (inline) */

/*
  ============================================================
  UPB MARP THEME — Riset Teknologi Informasi
  Universitas Putra Bangsa (UPB), Kebumen
  Fak. Sains & Teknologi | Prodi Teknik Informatika
  ------------------------------------------------------------
  Penggunaan di frontmatter slide:
        class: bagian-ii          ← opsional; ganti warna Bagian
  
  Kelas per Bagian:
    (kosong / default) = Bagian I  — Biru   #2563EB
    bagian-ii          = Bagian II — Hijau  #059669
    bagian-iii         = Bagian III — Oranye #d97706
    bagian-iv          = Bagian IV — Ungu   #7c3aed

  Kelas layout khusus (gunakan via <!-- _class: ... -->):
    cover              = Cover / halaman judul
    section-header     = Pembatas antar-topik
    integrative        = Bab 8 (UTS — gradien biru-ungu)
    fullcircle         = Bab 16 penutup (gradien gelap)
  ============================================================
*/

/* ============================================================
   1. CSS CUSTOM PROPERTIES — DEFAULT (Bagian I · Biru)
   ============================================================ */
section {
  --accent:        #2563EB;
  --accent-dark:   #1e3a5f;
  --accent-light:  #eff6ff;
  --accent-border: #bfdbfe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #2563EB 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #bfdbfe;
  --cover-meta:    #93c5fd;

  font-family: 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1.1em;
  color: #1e293b;
  padding: 40px 60px;
}

/* ============================================================
   2. VARIAN WARNA PER BAGIAN
   ============================================================ */

/* Bagian II — Hijau */
section.bagian-ii {
  --accent:        #059669;
  --accent-dark:   #064e3b;
  --accent-light:  #ecfdf5;
  --accent-border: #a7f3d0;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #064e3b 0%, #059669 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #a7f3d0;
  --cover-meta:    #6ee7b7;
}

/* Bagian III — Oranye */
section.bagian-iii {
  --accent:        #d97706;
  --accent-dark:   #78350f;
  --accent-light:  #fffbeb;
  --accent-border: #fde68a;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #78350f 0%, #d97706 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #fde68a;
  --cover-meta:    #fcd34d;
}

/* Bagian IV — Ungu */
section.bagian-iv {
  --accent:        #7c3aed;
  --accent-dark:   #3b0764;
  --accent-light:  #f5f3ff;
  --accent-border: #ddd6fe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #3b0764 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #ddd6fe;
  --cover-meta:    #c4b5fd;
}

/* ============================================================
   3. LAYOUT: COVER
   ============================================================ */
section.cover {
  background: var(--cover-grad);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

/* Logo dimuat dari CSS — tidak perlu tag img di markdown */
section.cover::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.cover h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2em;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.cover h2 {
  color: var(--cover-sub);
  font-size: 1.1em;
  font-weight: normal;
}

section.cover p  { color: var(--cover-meta); font-size: 0.85em; }
section.cover strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   4. LAYOUT: SECTION HEADER (pembatas topik)
   ============================================================ */
section.section-header {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.section-header h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.5em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.section-header h2 { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85); }

/* ============================================================
   5. LAYOUT: INTEGRATIVE (Bab 8 — UTS Checkpoint)
   ============================================================ */
section.integrative {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.integrative::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.integrative h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.integrative h2   { color: #ddd6fe; font-size: 1.1em; }
section.integrative p    { color: #c4b5fd; font-size: 0.85em; }
section.integrative strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   6. LAYOUT: FULLCIRCLE (Bab 16 — Penutup)
   ============================================================ */
section.fullcircle {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e293b 0%, #1e3a5f 50%, #1e293b 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.fullcircle h1 {
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: 3px solid #7c3aed;
}

section.fullcircle blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid #7c3aed;
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-style: italic;
}

/* ============================================================
   7. ELEMEN KONTEN — menggunakan CSS vars dari bagian
   ============================================================ */

h1 {
  color: var(--accent);
  border-bottom: 3px solid var(--accent);
  padding-bottom: 8px;
}

h2 { color: var(--accent-dark); font-size: 1.3em; }
h3 { color: var(--accent);      font-size: 1.05em; }

blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid var(--accent);
  background: var(--accent-light);
  padding: 12px 20px;
  margin: 16px 0;
  color: var(--accent-dark);
  font-style: italic;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
}

table { font-size: 0.82em; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }
th    { background: var(--accent); color: white; padding: 8px 12px; }
td    { padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--accent-border); }
tr:nth-child(even) td { background: var(--accent-light); }

code {
  background: var(--accent-light);
  color: var(--accent-dark);
  padding: 2px 6px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  font-size: 0.9em;
}

pre {
  background: #f1f5f9;
  color: #1e293b;
  padding: 16px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  border-left: 4px solid var(--accent-border);
}

ul li, ol li { margin-bottom: 6px; line-height: 1.6; }

/* ============================================================
   8. HELPER CLASSES
   ============================================================ */

/* Status / penekanan */
.warn  { color: #d97706; font-weight: bold; }
.good  { color: #059669; font-weight: bold; }
.bad   { color: #dc2626; font-weight: bold; }

/* Kotak pernyataan akhir */
.final {
  background: #fef3c7;
  border-left: 5px solid #d97706;
  padding: 14px 20px;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
  font-size: 1.1em;
}

/* Kotak highlight */
.highlight-box {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  padding: 16px 20px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  margin: 12px 0;
}

/* Kotak checkpoint bab 8 */
.checkpoint {
  background: #f5f3ff;
  border: 2px solid #7c3aed;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 16px 24px;
  margin: 16px 0;
}

/* ============================================================
   9. PAGINATION & HEADER/FOOTER
   ============================================================ */
section::after {
  font-size: 0.7em;
  color: #94a3b8;
}

section[data-marpit-advanced-background] > div:last-child { padding: 40px 60px; }
</style>

<style>
/* UPB Theme (inline) */

/*
  ============================================================
  UPB MARP THEME — Riset Teknologi Informasi
  Universitas Putra Bangsa (UPB), Kebumen
  Fak. Sains & Teknologi | Prodi Teknik Informatika
  ------------------------------------------------------------
  Penggunaan di frontmatter slide:
        class: bagian-ii          ← opsional; ganti warna Bagian
  
  Kelas per Bagian:
    (kosong / default) = Bagian I  — Biru   #2563EB
    bagian-ii          = Bagian II — Hijau  #059669
    bagian-iii         = Bagian III — Oranye #d97706
    bagian-iv          = Bagian IV — Ungu   #7c3aed

  Kelas layout khusus (gunakan via <!-- _class: ... -->):
    cover              = Cover / halaman judul
    section-header     = Pembatas antar-topik
    integrative        = Bab 8 (UTS — gradien biru-ungu)
    fullcircle         = Bab 16 penutup (gradien gelap)
  ============================================================
*/

/* ============================================================
   1. CSS CUSTOM PROPERTIES — DEFAULT (Bagian I · Biru)
   ============================================================ */
section {
  --accent:        #2563EB;
  --accent-dark:   #1e3a5f;
  --accent-light:  #eff6ff;
  --accent-border: #bfdbfe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #2563EB 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #bfdbfe;
  --cover-meta:    #93c5fd;

  font-family: 'Segoe UI', Arial, sans-serif;
  font-size: 1.1em;
  color: #1e293b;
  padding: 40px 60px;
}

/* ============================================================
   2. VARIAN WARNA PER BAGIAN
   ============================================================ */

/* Bagian II — Hijau */
section.bagian-ii {
  --accent:        #059669;
  --accent-dark:   #064e3b;
  --accent-light:  #ecfdf5;
  --accent-border: #a7f3d0;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #064e3b 0%, #059669 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #a7f3d0;
  --cover-meta:    #6ee7b7;
}

/* Bagian III — Oranye */
section.bagian-iii {
  --accent:        #d97706;
  --accent-dark:   #78350f;
  --accent-light:  #fffbeb;
  --accent-border: #fde68a;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #78350f 0%, #d97706 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #fde68a;
  --cover-meta:    #fcd34d;
}

/* Bagian IV — Ungu */
section.bagian-iv {
  --accent:        #7c3aed;
  --accent-dark:   #3b0764;
  --accent-light:  #f5f3ff;
  --accent-border: #ddd6fe;
  --cover-grad:    linear-gradient(135deg, #3b0764 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  --cover-sub:     #ddd6fe;
  --cover-meta:    #c4b5fd;
}

/* ============================================================
   3. LAYOUT: COVER
   ============================================================ */
section.cover {
  background: var(--cover-grad);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

/* Logo dimuat dari CSS — tidak perlu tag img di markdown */
section.cover::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.cover h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2em;
  margin-bottom: 8px;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.cover h2 {
  color: var(--cover-sub);
  font-size: 1.1em;
  font-weight: normal;
}

section.cover p  { color: var(--cover-meta); font-size: 0.85em; }
section.cover strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   4. LAYOUT: SECTION HEADER (pembatas topik)
   ============================================================ */
section.section-header {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.section-header h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.5em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.section-header h2 { color: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.85); }

/* ============================================================
   5. LAYOUT: INTEGRATIVE (Bab 8 — UTS Checkpoint)
   ============================================================ */
section.integrative {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e3a5f 0%, #7c3aed 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.integrative::before {
  content: '';
  display: block;
  width: 90px;
  height: 90px;
  background: white url('theme/logo-upb.png') center / contain no-repeat;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 6px;
  margin: 0 auto 14px;
  box-sizing: border-box;
}

section.integrative h1 {
  color: white;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: none;
}

section.integrative h2   { color: #ddd6fe; font-size: 1.1em; }
section.integrative p    { color: #c4b5fd; font-size: 0.85em; }
section.integrative strong { color: white; }

/* ============================================================
   6. LAYOUT: FULLCIRCLE (Bab 16 — Penutup)
   ============================================================ */
section.fullcircle {
  background: linear-gradient(135deg, #1e293b 0%, #1e3a5f 50%, #1e293b 100%);
  color: white;
  justify-content: center;
  text-align: center;
}

section.fullcircle h1 {
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-size: 2.2em;
  border-bottom: 3px solid #7c3aed;
}

section.fullcircle blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid #7c3aed;
  background: rgba(255, 255, 255, 0.08);
  color: #ddd6fe;
  font-style: italic;
}

/* ============================================================
   7. ELEMEN KONTEN — menggunakan CSS vars dari bagian
   ============================================================ */

h1 {
  color: var(--accent);
  border-bottom: 3px solid var(--accent);
  padding-bottom: 8px;
}

h2 { color: var(--accent-dark); font-size: 1.3em; }
h3 { color: var(--accent);      font-size: 1.05em; }

blockquote {
  border-left: 5px solid var(--accent);
  background: var(--accent-light);
  padding: 12px 20px;
  margin: 16px 0;
  color: var(--accent-dark);
  font-style: italic;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
}

table { font-size: 0.82em; width: 100%; border-collapse: collapse; }
th    { background: var(--accent); color: white; padding: 8px 12px; }
td    { padding: 6px 12px; border-bottom: 1px solid var(--accent-border); }
tr:nth-child(even) td { background: var(--accent-light); }

code {
  background: var(--accent-light);
  color: var(--accent-dark);
  padding: 2px 6px;
  border-radius: 4px;
  font-size: 0.9em;
}

pre {
  background: #f1f5f9;
  color: #1e293b;
  padding: 16px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  border-left: 4px solid var(--accent-border);
}

ul li, ol li { margin-bottom: 6px; line-height: 1.6; }

/* ============================================================
   8. HELPER CLASSES
   ============================================================ */

/* Status / penekanan */
.warn  { color: #d97706; font-weight: bold; }
.good  { color: #059669; font-weight: bold; }
.bad   { color: #dc2626; font-weight: bold; }

/* Kotak pernyataan akhir */
.final {
  background: #fef3c7;
  border-left: 5px solid #d97706;
  padding: 14px 20px;
  border-radius: 0 8px 8px 0;
  font-size: 1.1em;
}

/* Kotak highlight */
.highlight-box {
  background: var(--accent);
  color: white;
  padding: 16px 20px;
  border-radius: 8px;
  margin: 12px 0;
}

/* Kotak checkpoint bab 8 */
.checkpoint {
  background: #f5f3ff;
  border: 2px solid #7c3aed;
  border-radius: 8px;
  padding: 16px 24px;
  margin: 16px 0;
}

/* ============================================================
   9. PAGINATION & HEADER/FOOTER
   ============================================================ */
section::after {
  font-size: 0.7em;
  color: #94a3b8;
}

section[data-marpit-advanced-background] > div:last-child { padding: 40px 60px; }
</style>

<!-- _class: cover -->


# Bab 3 — Literature Review, Research Gap & Baseline

## Menavigasi Literatur untuk Menemukan Posisi Riset

*Pertemuan 3 (M3) &nbsp;|&nbsp; Sub-CPMK 1.3 &nbsp;|&nbsp; CPMK01 &nbsp;|&nbsp; CPL03*

Fase: **Thinking** (M1–M4) &nbsp;·&nbsp; Bagian I: Foundation

**Universitas Putra Bangsa** &nbsp;|&nbsp; Fak. Sains & Teknologi &nbsp;·&nbsp; Prodi Teknik Informatika

---

## Agenda Pertemuan 3

1. Bridge dari Bab 2 — dari masalah ke literatur
2. Research Positioning Model — tujuan sebenarnya literature review
3. Literature review bukan ringkasan — positioning artinya apa?
4. Empat jenis research gap
5. Baseline: definisi, kriteria, dan cara memilih
6. Strategi pencarian literatur yang efisien
7. Gap → RQ → Hypothesis (jembatan ke Bab 4)
8. Cognitive Traps & Studi Kasus
9. Output: Tabel Literatur + Gap Statement + Baseline

---

## Capaian Pembelajaran

Setelah pertemuan ini, mahasiswa mampu:

- Menjelaskan tujuan **literature review** sebagai *positioning*, bukan ringkasan
- Mengidentifikasi **4 jenis research gap**: Performance, Method, Data, Context
- Memilih **baseline** yang representatif dan *state-of-the-art*
- Melakukan pencarian literatur terstruktur di **IEEE, ACM, Scopus** dengan boolean query
- Menyusun **gap statement** yang menghubungkan literatur ke RQ

> Sub-CPMK 1.3 → Menavigasi literatur & menemukan research gap (CPL03)

---

## Bridge dari Bab 2

Di Bab 2, Anda telah:
- Mengidentifikasi masalah riset (bukan sekadar topik)
- Memvalidasi dengan 5 kriteria Problem Quality
- Menghasilkan Problem Statement dengan variabel terukur

**Pertanyaan berikutnya:** Apakah masalah ini sudah pernah diteliti?

> Jika sudah terjawab penuh → bukan research gap, tapi replikasi.
> Jika belum terjawab → di manakah tepatnya "celahnya"?
> Jika sebagian terjawab → apa yang spesifik belum terselesaikan?

Literature review menjawab pertanyaan-pertanyaan ini **secara sistematis**.

---

## Research Positioning Model

*Dari Literatur ke Posisi Riset Anda*

```
Existing Studies → Method Comparison → Limitation Identification
    → Research Gap → Research Position → Contribution
```

| Tahap | Aktivitas | Output |
|-------|----------|--------|
| **Existing Studies** | Baca & kategorikan 20–40 paper relevan | Peta literatur |
| **Method Comparison** | Bandingkan pendekatan & metrik tiap paper | Tabel metode & hasil |
| **Limitation ID** | Identifikasi keterbatasan eksplisit & implisit | Daftar limitasi |
| **Research Gap** | Temukan celah yang belum terjawab | Gap statement |
| **Research Position** | Di mana riset Anda dalam peta literatur | Positioning statement |
| **Contribution** | Apa yang baru yang Anda tambahkan | Contribution claim |

---

## Literature Review: Positioning, Bukan Ringkasan

**Literature review yang salah:**
*"Smith (2020) menggunakan CNN untuk klasifikasi gambar dan mendapat akurasi 89%. Jones (2021) menggunakan ResNet dan mendapat 92%. Kumar (2022) menggunakan ViT dan mendapat 95%."*

Ini adalah **ringkasan** — bukan *positioning*. Tidak muncul pertanyaan: mengapa ada perbedaan? Apa yang belum dijawab?

**Literature review yang benar:**
*"Studi-studi sebelumnya menunjukkan peningkatan akurasi konsisten menggunakan arsitektur transformer, namun seluruh evaluasi dilakukan pada dataset standar (ImageNet). Tidak ada yang mengevaluasi performa pada dataset domain-spesifik dengan resolusi rendah, yang merupakan kondisi nyata di sistem pemantauan industri (gap: Context Gap). Riset ini mengisi celah tersebut dengan..."*

> **Aturan positioning:** setiap paragraf literature review harus diakhiri dengan implikasi terhadap riset Anda.

---

## Empat Jenis Research Gap

| Jenis Gap | Definisi | Pertanyaan Diagnostik | Contoh |
|-----------|---------|----------------------|--------|
| **Performance Gap** | Metode terbaik saat ini belum mencapai standar yang dibutuhkan | "Apakah performa ada yang sudah cukup?" | Deteksi kanker kulit: akurasi 87%, kebutuhan klinis > 95% |
| **Method Gap** | Tidak ada metode yang tepat untuk masalah tertentu | "Sudah ada metode, tapi cocok?" | Semua paper pakai supervised, padahal data berlabel minimal |
| **Data Gap** | Tidak ada dataset yang representatif untuk konteks tertentu | "Dataset yang ada cocok untuk konteks ini?" | Tidak ada dataset NLP Bahasa Indonesia untuk domain hukum |
| **Context Gap** | Metode ada & bagus, tapi belum dievaluasi di konteks target | "Sudah diuji di konteks saya?" | Transformer efektif untuk English, belum dievaluasi di Bahasa Jawa |

> Satu riset bisa memiliki **lebih dari satu jenis gap**. Identifikasi semua, prioritaskan yang paling kuat.

---

## Baseline: Standar Pembanding

Baseline adalah metode atau sistem **terbaik yang sudah ada** yang digunakan sebagai patokan perbandingan.

**Kriteria baseline yang valid:**

| Kriteria | Penjelasan |
|----------|-----------|
| **Relevan** | Menjawab problem yang sama dengan riset Anda |
| **Representatif** | Standar di komunitas riset tersebut (sering dikutip) |
| **State-of-the-art** | Bukan versi lama dari 2010 saat yang 2023 sudah ada |
| **Reproducible** | Bisa diimplementasi ulang dengan informasi di paper |
| **Fair** | Diuji pada kondisi yang sama dengan sistem Anda |

> **Baseline lemah = kontribusi lemah.** Jika baseline Anda sudah ketinggalan 5 tahun, reviewer akan pertanyakan relevansi temuan Anda.

---

## Strategi Pencarian Literatur Terstruktur

**Database utama:** IEEE Xplore · ACM Digital Library · Scopus · Web of Science · Google Scholar

**Boolean query yang efektif:**
```
("fraud detection" OR "anomaly detection") 
AND ("machine learning" OR "deep learning") 
AND ("imbalanced dataset" OR "class imbalance")
NOT ("image classification")
```

**Filter yang disarankan:**
- Tahun: 2019–2024 (tidak lebih dari 5 tahun untuk metodologi)
- Venue: conference A/B IEEE, ACM, jurnal terindeks Scopus Q1–Q2
- Tipe: full research paper (bukan extended abstract)

**Alur PRISMA:**
1. Identifikasi → 2. Screening judul+abstrak → 3. Eligibility (baca full) → 4. Included

---

## Gap → RQ → Hypothesis: Jembatan ke Bab 4

```
Research Gap → Research Question → Hypothesis (H0/H1)
```

**Contoh:**

**Gap:** *Context Gap — tidak ada studi yang mengevaluasi BERT fine-tuning pada teks hukum Indonesia (domain language drift, kosakata khusus)*

**RQ:** *"Sejauh mana fine-tuning IndoBERT pada corpus hukum Indonesia meningkatkan F1-score klasifikasi kategori dokumen dibandingkan dengan model baseline IndoBERT tanpa fine-tuning?"*

**H0:** *Fine-tuning IndoBERT pada corpus hukum tidak meningkatkan F1-score secara signifikan (p ≥ 0.05)*

**H1:** *Fine-tuning IndoBERT pada corpus hukum meningkatkan F1-score secara signifikan (p < 0.05)*

---

<!-- _class: section-header -->

# Cognitive Traps
## Bab 3 — Literature Review

---

## Cognitive Traps — Bab 3

**"Semakin banyak referensi, semakin bagus"**
Kualitas ≠ kuantitas. 15 paper yang relevan dan dianalisis mendalam lebih kuat dari 50 paper yang hanya disebutkan. Reviewer melihat kedalaman analisis, bukan panjang daftar pustaka.

**"Belum ada paper tentang ini = gap"**
Bisa jadi masalahnya tidak penting, atau sudah diselesaikan dengan cara yang berbeda. "Tidak ada paper" bisa berarti: tidak penting, domain tidak relevan, atau Anda salah kata kunci pencarian. Validasi gap dari sudut yang berbeda.

**"Tidak perlu baseline, yang penting sistemnya jalan"**
Tanpa baseline, tidak ada pembanding. Kontribusi Anda tidak bisa dibuktikan. Setiap research contribution membutuhkan referensi titik awal (*starting point*).

---

## Studi Kasus 1 — Image Classification (Basic)

**Konteks:** Mahasiswa meneliti klasifikasi gambar X-ray untuk deteksi pneumonia.

**Masalah:** Literature review berisi 30+ paper, tapi semuanya hanya dirangkum. Tidak ada kategorisasi gap. Baseline yang dipilih: VGG16 dari 2014.

**Implikasi:**
- Reviewer: "Mengapa tidak menggunakan EfficientNet atau ResNeSt yang sudah terbukti lebih baik di benchmark medis?"
- Kontribusi dianggap lemah karena baseline sudah usang

**Solusi:**
1. Kategorikan paper berdasarkan metode, dataset, metrik, tahun
2. Identifikasi gap eksplisit dari keterbatasan yang disebutkan penulis asli
3. Pilih baseline dari paper tahun 2022–2024 yang menjadi referensi utama di bidang tersebut

---

## Studi Kasus 2 — Disease Detection (Advanced)

**Konteks:** Peneliti mengidentifikasi gap "belum ada model untuk deteksi penyakit tanaman di Indonesia."

**Masalah:**
- Gap terlalu luas: bukan satu gap, tapi minimal 3 gap berbeda (data, context, performance)
- Tidak ada baseline yang clear: membandingkan dengan "model umum" tanpa spesifikasi
- Kontribusi klaim terlalu besar: "pertama di Indonesia" — tidak mungkin diverifikasi

**Analysis — Apa yang sebenarnya terjadi:**
Tanpa baseline yang jelas, reviewer tidak bisa menilai apakah peningkatan yang diklaim benar-benar signifikan atau hanya artifact dari pemilihan dataset.

**Solusi:** Persempit gap → satu klaim yang kuat dan verifiable: *"Belum ada benchmark dataset tanaman kopi Indonesia dengan anotasi multi-disease pada kondisi lapangan (bukan greenhouse) per 2024."*

---

## Tabel Literatur — Template

*Gunakan template ini untuk memetakan 20–40 paper relevan*

| Penulis (Tahun) | Metode | Dataset | Metrik | Hasil | Keterbatasan | Relevansi ke Riset Saya |
|----------------|--------|---------|--------|-------|-------------|------------------------|
| Smith (2022) | CNN | ImageNet | Accuracy | 94% | Single domain | Baseline method |
| Jones (2023) | ViT | custom | F1 | 91% | Small dataset | Context gap ref |
| *dst...* | | | | | | |

**Instruksi pengisian:**
- Kolom "Keterbatasan": salin dari paper yang ditulis penulis sendiri (lebih valid)
- Kolom "Relevansi": tulis eksplisit — apakah ini baseline, gap reference, atau method reference

---

## Ringkasan Pertemuan 3

| Konsep | Inti |
|--------|------|
| Tujuan Literature Review | Positioning riset, **bukan** ringkasan paper |
| Research Positioning Model | Existing Studies → Gap → Position → Contribution |
| 4 Jenis Gap | Performance · Method · Data · Context |
| Baseline | Relevan + Representatif + State-of-the-art + Fair |
| Strategi Pencarian | Boolean query + filter database tier-1 + PRISMA |
| Jembatan | Gap → RQ → H0/H1 |

---

## Final Statement & Output Praktis

<div class="final">
"Literature review bukan tentang apa yang sudah diketahui, tetapi tentang apa yang belum diselesaikan dan bagaimana Anda mengisinya."
</div>

### Output Praktis M3

Buat **3 dokumen**:

1. **Tabel Literatur** (min. 10 paper, format tabel di atas)
2. **Gap Statement** (1–2 paragraf): jenis gap + justifikasi + mengapa gap ini penting
3. **Baseline Selection** (1 paragraf): alasan memilih baseline + kriteria yang terpenuhi

*Semua referensi APA 7th. Gap Statement menjadi bagian dari Problem Statement.*

---

## Referensi Utama — Bab 3

- Kitchenham, B., & Charters, S. (2007). *Guidelines for performing systematic literature reviews in software engineering* (Technical Report EBSE 2007-001). Keele University.

- Petersen, K., Feldt, R., Mujtaba, S., & Mattsson, M. (2008). Systematic mapping studies in software engineering. *Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering*, 68–77.

- Wohlin, C. (2014). Guidelines for snowballing in systematic literature studies and a replication in software engineering. *Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on Evaluation and Assessment in Software Engineering*, Article 38.

- Webster, J., & Watson, R. T. (2002). Analyzing the past to prepare for the future: Writing a literature review. *MIS Quarterly, 26*(2), xiii–xxiii.